Conflict Resolution In Civil Engineering Construction Industry

Conflict Resolution In Civil Engineering Construction Industry Introduction Conflict exists in society generally, includes in family, work and so on. It is important and necessary to resolve all kinds of conflicts efficiently and successfully. Inevitably, conflict is also a reality in the civil engineering construction industry. It influences the operation of projects, increases the cost of projects, wastes various resources, delays the duration of engineering, decreases staff motivation. Conflict has become a serious problem in the civil engineering construction industry (Davies, 1998). Conflict resolution becomes more and more useful and crucial. There are four objectives in the report: define the concepts of conflict and construction industry, expound the significance of conflict resolution, investigate the reasons of causing conflicts and recommend some methods to resolve conflicts. Methodology In the report, there are four main objectives. There are three main steps to accomplish the objectives. The inductive approach is used in the report. Firstly, finding out the key words of the report topic, it is necessary to read some books, journals, periodicals and articles from library and websites. People could understand the concept of conflict, the significance of conflict resolution, reason of causing conflicts and how to resolve conflicts. Secondly, according to the knowledge, author could define concepts, understand different opinions from different writers and analyze the different opinions. Thirdly, after studying and pondering, author expounds her own ideas of the four objectives. Literature review The definition of conflict is that the process of cooperation is incompatible and unfavorable (Rahim, 1992). It is universal and exists with incompatible cooperation (Davies, 1998). Conflict exists in all more than one personal work environment. It is people used to considering their own interest rather than others (Humphrey, 2008). Hellard (1992) thought that conflict is not only caused by a train of events. Peoples emotions could involve in the events and influence the causing of conflicts inevitably. The civil engineering construction industry needs many professional people to involve in, such as Architects, Structure Designers, Constructors, Building and Quantity Surveyors and so on. There are some kinds of conflicts in building industry, Zikmann (1992, p55) said that these include â€Å"interest conflicts, structural conflicts, value conflicts, relationship conflicts and data conflicts†. Conflicts occur commonly between main contractors and the sub-contractors (Harding, 1991; as quoted in Langford, 1992). Not only have that, but conflict also occurred between contractors and clients, or contractors and clients architects. Some elements, such as project types and sizes, procurement systems and government policy, could influence the conflict aspects (Lavers, 1992). Effectively managed conflicts are necessary. It requires that the construction managers have enough abilities to resolve conflicts. The reason of causing conflicts is various. The majority of conflicts are developed because these are not responded correctly and timely. On the contrary, poor managed conflicts could deteriorate the issues (Zikmann, 1992). There are some reasons of causing conflicts in construction industry. Some are because the construction plan is not clear. It confuses both client and contractor. Some are because over-scope of task between contractor and his subcontractors. The contractor requires subcontractors to do extra work. Some are because time is not enough to complete the project. Others are because the client asks for extra work but refuse to pay more money and extend the time of completion (Klinger, 2009). Contingency is another reason of causing conflicts. In construction industry, the roles of every part could change. It means that in the new environment, there are some barriers to influence relationship balance (Langford, 1992). It is a key ability for managers to manage the complicated relationship networks of project which is limited time and budget (Zikmann, 1992). Dispute avoidance is useful in construction management. Conflicts are often caused by wrong consideration, inadequate preparatory and plan or poor project procedures and budget. The popular ways to avoid conflicts are early negotiation, risk audits and training (Brewer, 2007). The best way to resolve conflicts is prevention. It requires project managers to acquaint the objectives of client, make reasonable project plan and have the ability of prediction. People can pinpoint the reason of causing conflicts before happening, but it is difficult to predict when the conflict will occur. Therefore, the certainty of predicting conflicts at the beginning and end is less than in a construction project (Cree, 1992). Not only prediction, but also communication could help to resolve conflicts. Poor communication could cause misunderstanding (Mackie, 1992). Follett(1940, as quoted in Rahim, 1992) said that there are some mains to resolve conflicts, such as domination, compromise, consolidation, avoidance and suppression. Fenn (1992) said that the new method to resolve conflicts is alternatives of litigation and arbitration. KuTenk (2000) classified the strategy of conflict resolution into three parts, avoidance, diffusion and antagonism. It is the method to resolve general conflicts and problems. It lacks of pertinence for construction industry. For construction industry, managers need the ability to negotiate to resolve conflicts (Jambro and Siddiqi, 2008). Negotiation is the most common method to resolve conflicts. It is more flexible, economic and efficient than other methods (Dieterle and Ramirez, 2001). Mediation could assist negotiation. Parties select a mediator to help them resolve the conflicts. Mediators could assist all parties to resolve but they have no right to compel any party to agree (Goodman, 2006). Arbitration was the favored method to resolve conflicts in 1980s and 1990s. It is efficient and economical. Litigation is resolution of conflicts in the court. It is a long and expensive process (Klinger, 2009). Dispute review board (DRB) is build before starting of construction. Mostly, it is composed by three construction professionals who have abundant experience. It is highly effective and could reduce the cost of dispute resolution. Over 70% people thought DRB is better than arbitration about resolution result (Harmon, 2003-2004). The conflict resolution in England and Wales has some methods. It is divided into two parts: non-binding and binding. In non-binding, there are conciliation, executive tribunal and mediation. In binding, there are adjudication, arbitration, expert determination, litigation and so on (Davies, 1998). Discussion Conflict is a kind of phenomenon which exists in everywhere commonly in the society. Every person has their own ideas, standpoint and interest, it is impossible to unify all ideas of all people. Therefore, the existing of conflicts is automatic consequence. Especially in civil engineering construction industry, there are so many people, roles and tasks, complicated relationship and interested parties. The conflict usually occurs between client or designer and contractor, contractor and subcontractors, contractor and workers or worker and worker. Any relationship is very important and could become the key point to influence the whole project. Good conflict resolution could bring high efficiency and more profit. Bad conflict resolution hinders the smooth process of construction project. The reasons of causing conflict are very various and complicated. These could be summarized into four types: time, money, task allocation and contingency. Time means that the project could not be completed on time. In consequence of the changes of design, unreasonable plan in construction stage, works programme are delayed. The kind of conflict often occurs between client or designer and contactor. The conflict is caused by money includes contractor does not gain money from client, contractor refuses to pay wages to workers, poor financial budget, material price fluctuation. Task allocation reason means that the project plan is poor, the assignment allocation is ambiguous, task allocation is unfair, harsh work environment and so on. Contingency is an uncertain element but exists generally and inevitable. It could be occurred in every aspect. Contingency usually can not be dealt with in time because of indeterminacy. Conflict likes a barrier for construction industry. Conflict resolution becomes more and more important. Domination and suppression are unacceptable methods. These methods could cause more serious conflicts. Four steps method could be used to resolve problems about conflicts when people manage a construction project. First step is to prevent. Prevention could resolve conflict before occurring. Good conflict prevention needs excellent managers who have enough abilities to make project time and cost plan sensibly, manage all kinds of relationships well and arrange tasks reasonably. Everyone take his due responsibility and obligation. It is the best way of resolving conflict to minimize the probability of causing conflicts. Second step is to establish a group which includes some experts who have extensive experience. These experts could make use of their experience to resolve a lot of contingencies as soon as possible and avoid the conflicts are deteriorated by their experience. Not only that, they also can give some good advice to resolve conflicts in other steps. Third step is to negotiate. Negotiation is an effective and economical method to resolve conflict. Conflict is the problem of two or more parties rather than only one party. So it is important to have good communication and good relationship between every party. Negotiation is a good way to communicate with every party. People could get the main reason of causing conflict and discuss the best way which every party can accept to resolve conflicts. Conflict could be resolved as soon as possible and avoid be deteriorated. Mediation is another way to negotiate between parties. It needs a mediator who selected by every party to help them to resolve conflicts. Negotiation could resolve conflict without breaking relationships. It is a double win method to resolve conflict between parties. Fourth step is arbitration or litigation. These are the resolution process in court. The differences are litigation needs discovery or jury and allows appealing. The process of arbitration or litigation is very long and takes a lot of money. It means that people spend long time and increase the cost of project but conflict is not always be resolved well. Do not use the step if conflict could be resolve by the first three steps. Conclusion Conflict is occurred between different people or interest parties. In civil engineering construction industry, client, contractor, subcontractor and worker are four main component parts. Conflict likes a barrier to baffle the entire project. It is important to deal with and resolve conflict. There are four main reasons of causing conflict, time, money, task allocation and contingency. Good managers and reasonable approaches are necessary for conflict resolution. Prevention, expert group, negotiation and arbitration are four steps to resolve conflicts. These could assist to resolve conflict as soon as possible and minimize loss in civil engineering construction industry. Reference BREWER, G, 2007. Dispute avoidance. Contract Journal, 437(6611), 22. CREE, C A, 1992. Managing disputes. In: FENN, P and GAMESON, R (Eds). Construction conflict management and resolution. London: EFN SPON, 47-53. DAVIES, E et al (Eds), 1998. Dispute resolution and conflict management in construction. London: EFN SPON. DIETERLE, R A and RAMIREZ. A M, 2001. Using the project neutral process to resolve contentious disputes. AACE International Transactions, ABI/INFORM Global, CD51- CD56. FENN, P and GAMESON, R (Eds), 1992. Construction conflict management and resolution. London: EFN SPON. GOODMAN, A H, 2006. Resolving differences. Kitchen Bath Business, 53(7), 46-47. HARMON, K M J, 2003-2004. Construction conflicts and dispute review boards: Attitudes and opinions of construction industry members. Dispute Resolution Journal, 58(4), 66-75. HELLARD, R B, 1992. Construction conflict- management and resolution. In FENN, P and GAMESON, R (Eds). Construction conflict management and resolution. London: EFN SPON, 35-46. HUMPHREY, B, 2008. 10 steps toward resolving conflict on the jobsite. Concrete Contractor, 8(5), 78-79. JAMBRO, J D and SIDDIQI, K M, 2008, Conflict resolution and negotiation skills in undergraduate construction management curriculum, online, retrieved 19 October 2009, from http://ascpro0.ascweb.org/archives/cd/2008/paper/CEUE210002008.pdf. KLINGER, M, 2009. Confronting construction conflicts. EC M, 108(3), 14. KUTENK, 2000, Conflict management and resolution- developing successful conflicts- resolution strategies at home or at work. Bussiness management resources, online, retrieved 19 October 2009, from http://kutenk2000.blogspot.com/2008/12/conflict- management-and-resolution.html. LANGFORD, D A. et al, 1992. Contingency management of conflict: analysis of contract interfaces. In: FENN, P and GAMESON, R (Eds). Construction conflict management and resolution. London: EFN SPON, 64-71. LAVERS, A, 1992. Construction conflict: management and resolution analysis and solutions. In: FENN, P and GAMESON, R (Eds). Construction conflict management and resolution. London: EFN SPON, 3-20. MACKIE, K J, 1992. Alternative dispute resolution and construction disputes. In: FENN, P and GAMESON, R (Eds). Construction conflict management and resolution. London: EFN SPON, 302-305. RAHIM, M A, 1992. Managing conflict in organizations. In: FENN, P and GAMESON, R (Eds). Construction conflict management and resolution. London: EFN SPON, 369-377. ZIKMANN, R V, 1992. Successful conflict management. In: FENN, P and GAMESON, R (Eds). Construction conflict management and resolution. London: EFN SPON, 54-58.

Martha Graham Essay examples -- Dance Dancing Choreography Essays

Martha Graham Martha Graham was one of the most influential figures in American modern dance, and her techniques and styles are still practiced today. She became widely known throughout all ages and decades. Her first debut was in the 1920's. As time went on, she became more experienced and wiser in the modern dance field. Martha Graham, whose style was considered controversial, became one of the finest choreographers and dancers in the dance world. In 1894 Martha was born in Allegheny, Pennsylvania (Pratt 8). She was the daughter of Jane Beers and George Graham. Her father was a well-known physician who treated mental disorders. After living in Pennsylvania for 12 years, she and her family moved to Santa Barbara, California in 1908 (Harmon et al. 182). This was where she started studying modern dance in her earlier years. Martha's father played a big role in her life. Dr. Graham inspired his daughter to search for the meaning behind people's actions. As she sat in her father's office, she would look at the patients in bewilderment. The patients would blurt out words and move their arms and legs in a wild manner, making her even more curious about people's actions (Pratt 13). Dr. Graham then took his daughter to a performance of Ruth St. Denis in 1911 where she was mesmerized by the dancers (Harmon et al. 182). Martha entered Cumnock School of Expression after graduating from high school. There she trained in dance, drama, and self-expressions. Martha's love to study people's actions was incredibly strong. After Graham graduated from the junior college in 1916, she then enrolled in Denishawn School of Dance (182). She was recognized at the school for her talent and determination, not her potential a... ...d a bad case of pneumonia. Graham died on April 1, 1991 (100). Graham led an exciting and fulfilling life. Although her audiences may have had to get used to her innovative style of modern dance, she accomplished her dreams throughout the years and became a big success. Martha Graham became one of the finest dancers and choreographers in the world. Works Cited Harmon, Justin, et al. American Cultural Leaders. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO 1993. McLanathan, Richard and Gene Brown ed. The Arts. New York: New York Times Company, 1978. Mille, Agnes de and Helene Oblensky. American Dances. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1980. "Modern Dance." Microsoft Encarta. 1997 ed. Pratt, Paula Bryant. The Importance of Martha Graham. San Diego: Lucent Books, Inc., 1995. Switzer, Ellen. Dancers! Horizons in American Dance. New York: Atheneum, 1982.

School types and service delivery education essay

The modern school system of Sri-Lanka has its beginnings during the British colonial disposal. Schools were started by the denominational organic structures for the intent of proselytization. Later the authorities besides established schools for the instruction of the kids. The authorities schools provided direction in the national linguistic communications and there were besides bi-lingual schools ( common school ) where English was besides used. This created a double system of schools, authorities schools and denominational schools. There was besides another sort of dichotomy in that some of the denominational schools imparted English medium instruction bear downing fees from pupils which created an elitist group of schools as against the common schools supplying free instruction. As a consequence of the authorities, denominational organic structures, private organisations and persons set uping schools at that place was no planning in the location of schools. The grant of free instruction with the execution of Special Committee recommendations under the stewardship of Dr. C.W.W. Kannangara in 1945 and the return over of schools in 1960 reduced some of the unfairnesss that existed in the school system. During the last 50 old ages some grade of rationalisation has been achieved. But still there are broad differences and deficiency of uniformity in the school system.School Types and Service DeliveryAt present Sri- Lanka has a 13 twelvemonth span of schooling. Schools are classified on the footing of the educational phases available in the school and besides taking into consideration the class watercourse offered at senior secondary degree. The schools are classified by type as follows: Type 111 Schools: – Primary schools holding categories from Grade 1 to Rate 5 Type 11 Schools: – Junior schools holding categories from Grade 1 to Rate 11 1C Schools: – Senior Secondary schools holding categories from Grade 1 to Rate 13 or Rate 6 to 13 with lone Humanistic disciplines and Commerce watercourses at G.C.E. A.L 1AB Schools: – Senior Secondary schools holding categories from Grade 1 to Rate 13 or Rate 6 to Rate 13 with all 4 watercourses at G.C.E.A.L In finding the construction of the school system, one has to see the economic sciences of educational proviso. With the demographic passage, migration to urban countries and the growing of private schools, the registration of pupils in authorities schools is worsening and the figure of little schools has increased. The following table gives the distribution of authorities schools by size.Table – Government Schools by Type and Size of Student PopulationTypeSize1AB1C23Entire& lt ; 50–01 198 1334 1533 51- 100–05 611 787 1403 101 – 200–66 1419 459 1934 201 – 500 08 660 1620 183 2439 501 – 1000 106 826 295 112 1339 1001- 1500 162 256 45 28 491 1501 – 2000 142 49 08 06 205 & gt ; 2000 263 20 08 01 292 Entire 681 1883 4204 2910 9678Beginning: School Census 2007About one tierce of the schools have an registration of less than 100 students on axial rotation while there are 292 schools with over 2000 students. The little schools are disadvantaged in many facets. Dearth of physical and human resources, hapless place background of students, deficiency of community support, unavailability to modern influences such as the media are factors which compromise the rule of equity enshrined in the Constitution. Equity in instruction starts with just entree to schooling. The Education Sector Development Framework and Programme of the Ministry of Education emphasizes, guaranting equity by enabling all kids to hold entree, to take part in and complete BASIC and secondary instruction. In order to guarantee just entree to primary instruction, the authorities has established a widely scattered web of schools throughout to state.Number of Government Schools by Functional Grade Span, 2006Grade 1-5Grade 1-8Grade 1-11Grade 1-13Grade 6-11Grade 6-13Entire2486 490 4199 2213 27 299 9714Beginning: Annual School Census, Ministry of EducationThe policy of the authorities is to supply a primary school within 2 kilometers to every kid of the age scope 5 to 9 old ages and a secondary school within 4 kilometers to every kid of 10 to 16 age scope. Because of this policy a figure of schools with little categories are seen particularly in distant countries.Number of Government Schools by Size of Student Population, 2006Number / Percentage of School with& lt ; 50 Students51-100 Students101-200 Students201-500 Students501-1000Students1001-2500 Students& gt ; 2500 StudentsEntire1,549 1,392 1,966 2,514 1,340 817 136 9,714 16.0 % 14.3 % 20.2 % 25.9 % 13.8 % 8.4 % 1.4 % 100.0 %Beginning: Annual School Census, Ministry of EducationThe definition of a little school at nowadays is based on the exclusive standard of registration of pupils. Harmonizing to this standard a school holding less than 100 pupils is considered to be a little school. Under the programme â€Å" Rationalization of School Network † , in 1996, 356 little schools were reported to hold been closed, as they were presumed to be wasteful. The two chief standards for shutting schools were: Minimal registration ; and Availability of alternate educational installations within a prescribed distance. Low pupil registration was a characteristic of around 80 % of the schools that were closed. The research surveies have discovered some major grounds for the diminution in pupil registration in these schools. They are: The handiness of ‘better ‘ schools in the local environment and the aspirations of parents to direct their kids to these schools, if their household resources permitted it ( a ) the hapless direction of these little schools by Principals and the hapless quality instruction ( B ) the indifference of instruction functionaries, Principals and community leaders towards the public assistance and promotion of the kids in little schools and the attendant impairment of the quality of instruction provided in them The little schools are found tucked off in distant rural pockets, among the hills in the plantations, in new colony countries along the seashore and in the thick of overcrowded urban homes, sometimes in the shadow of popular schools. These schools add up to about 3000 which is about one tierce of the entire figure of schools providing to primary school kids. These schools cater chiefly to kids of the poorest of the hapless. They have been neglected and forgotten and the parents of these schools are less demanding and prone to accept their batch. Inadequate resources portray the disregard and deficiency of concern. The stray nature of the little schools, unequal grasp of any good work done and deficiency of supervisory and consultative aid are issues in developing these schools. Small schools have to be reviewed in the context of their scenes and entirety of the job. The many-sided nature of the job calls for a many-sided attack. While acknowledging the demand to go on with little schools where there is a existent demand and presuming that rationalisation may take to the dropout of students, at least in countries where schooling installations are available within a sensible distance, some grade of rationalisation can be accomplished. Education Sector Development Framework and Programme ( MOE, 2006 ) analyses the wastage incurred by little schools. Harmonizing to School Census, there are 258 schools with less than 15 students with a instructor student ratio of 1: 04, 717 schools with less than 25 students with a ratio of 1: 07 and 1525 schools with less than 50 students with a ratio of 1: 11. It has to be noted that when the figure of students is less, the quality of instruction imparted in such schools is besides hapless. In order to run into this state of affairs a strategy of grouping schools in a geographical country as a school household should be explored. There is besides the issue of National Schools which are managed by the Central Ministry of Education. There are no recognized standards for upgrading a school to a degree of a National School. Of the 329 national schools at present, really few conform to the criterions laid down originally for placing national schools. The standard that would warrant a school to be a National School should be the fact that kids from all over the state are admitted to that school, that it is an all island school. Admission to such schools should entirely be on virtue. There can non be a primary subdivision in a National School as admittances to primary categories are done on the footing of the propinquity of the parent ‘s abode to the school. An extra standard would be the multi-ethnic composing of the school where kids of all communities are admitted and all three media are available which would advance national coherence. Sing the demand for advancing national integrity in the present context and the function instruction can play in advancing national harmoniousness, much idea should be given for the possibility of forming multiethnic schools in countries where the communities are multiethnic. In such schools all three linguistic communications can be used as media of direction and kids will turn up together as Sri -Lankans, while understanding their heritage and esteeming the civilization of other communities. Another issue is whether the authorities should hold a monopoly of instruction or in add-on to State proviso of instruction whether private-public partnerships should be encouraged. When the schools were taken over in 1960 merely a few class 1 schools remained as private and non fee-levying schools. There was a class of schools that were fee-levying and private, i.e. those who opted to maintain off from the free instruction strategy in 1951. Since 1980s, another class of private schools have sprung up and are known as â€Å" International Schools. † These schools are registered as concern organisations with the Registrar of Companies and conflict the commissariats of the Assisted Schools and Training Colleges ( Supplementary Provisions ) Act No. 8 of 1961 which stipulates that no individual other than the Director of Education can set up a school for kids between the ages of five and 14 old ages. Further, there is a misdemeanor of the Education Amendment Act of 1945 which stipulates that the primary instruction of kids should be provided in the female parent lingua ( Sinhala or Tamil ) . To acquire over these jobs, these schools have been registered as concern organisations with the Registrar of Companies. Earlier these schools prepared kids for foreign scrutinies and direction was provided in the English medium. Now some of these schools are supplying classs based on the local course of study and the pupils sit t he local GCE ( O/L ) and ( A/L ) scrutinies as private campaigners. Some International Schools appear to supply instruction get downing from Early Childhood Care and Development Stage ( ECCD ) up to Advanced Level and Degree degree scrutinies. From the Primary Level the medium of direction is in English. The demand for popular schools is of all time increasing and the parents with moderate degrees of income, who fail to acknowledge their kids to such schools are compelled to acknowledge their kids to International Schools sing the advantage of larning English every bit good. One of the chief aims of instruction is to bring forth a Sri Lankan citizen with a common set of values. The NEC has proposed Common National Objectives for General Education. The schools established by private organisations with net income doing aims can non be expected to carry through the common aims proposed by the National Education Commission. Further, the deficiency of encouragement to larn history and national civilizations in the course of study lead to the production of persons who do non value and respect national heritage and civilization. These schools appear to be popular among certain sections of society as indicated from the rapid growing of the figure of schools. Accurate statistics of this class of schools are non available but approximative figure may be around 300. The chief attractive force to these schools is the instruction in English medium. However, most of these schools do non hold even the basic installations required for a school. Most categories are housed in residential premises and there is in sufficient infinite for kids in the schoolrooms and equal airing. Other installations for athleticss and excess curricular activities are minimum. Hence, there is a turning demand that these schools be regulated by the authorities. Another class of schools working with authorities aid are the schools supplying instruction for kids with particular demands. There are 25 Assisted Schools tally for kids with particular demands. The prevailing doctrine of particular instruction is inclusion. As these kids have to be integrated to normal society, MOE has started incorporating pupils with particular demands in normal categories. In order to point these kids to the normal school particular instruction units have been established in about 1000 schools. However, particular schools are necessary for kids with terrible disabilities.IssuesThe dichotomy of schools at the clip of independency was reduced by free instruction, displacement to national linguistic communications as the medium of direction and the cardinal school system, but the blazing disparity continues doing the policy of equal instruction chance a farce. The location of schools, peculiarly the secondary schools is non good distributed as it has been done in an unplanned manner and about all non authorities schools were located in urban countries. The imbrication of the terminology of the ‘types ‘ of schools and the attendant confusion in execution of policies and programmes. The marginalisation and the disregard of little schools which are the chief avenues of educational chance to kids of deprived households, to carry through their right to instruction. The present categorization of schools deficiencies lucidity as a effect of ad-hoc alterations over the old ages, choosing few schools and resourcing them while the hapless schools were farther neglected obliging the pupils rush to urban schools, doing the hapless schools poorer and little schools smaller. The increasing force per unit area on big popular schools in urban Centres which are undergoing uncontrolled enlargement to run into the demand ensuing in overcrowded categories where acquisition and instruction may non be effectual. Schools that have started with cultural or spiritual background want to keep the same position and individuality without altering to a multi-ethnic and multi spiritual schools. International schools which are non legal and run as concern organisations do non conform to the educational jurisprudence and do non carry through the common aims determined by the National Education Commission.ProposalsThe school should be an establishment that fulfils the right of every kid to quality instruction that aims at developing a common set of values that identifies him/her as a Sri Lankan with dedication to Motherland while esteeming one ‘s ain individuality.The authorities should set up a construction with two types of schools, viz. , primary schools holding Grades 1 to 5 and secondary schools with Grades 6 to 11 or 6 to 13.Management, facilitation and rating of all public schools should be the duty of the Provincial Department of Education. Categorization of schools by different names ( National, Navodya etc. , ) should be discontinued.Education Division should be the unit to form the web of primary and secondary schools. Each secondary school should hold at leas t 5 primary feeder schools. The figure of schools in a division should be determined by the figure of school traveling age kids in the Division.In countries where schools are far apart and student Numberss are low, primary schools may carry on categories up to Rate 9 for a fixed period of clip.In order to guarantee continuity of instruction, a kid who is finishing the primary degree should be assured of a secondary school.Small Schools, which serve the small town community demands, should be encouraged to go on by supplying them with necessary support to develop as educationally feasible establishments.All really hard and hard schools should be upgraded with both human and physical resources to supply a quality instruction to make the mark of educating all kids likewise.Mechanisms should be developed to oversee and supervise little schools in order to guarantee criterions and to take prompt remedial actions when necessary.Primary subdivision ( Grades 1-5 ) of all bing 1AB and 1C sch ools should be delinked by 2015 and map as primary schools.State should do available a primary school within a radius of 2km and a secondary school within a radius of 5km. All primary and secondary schools should supply equal resources to guarantee para and equality of the quality of instruction provided by them.All unregistered Private schools including International schools should be registered with the Provincial Departments of Education. They should be regulated with norms for appropriate physical environment, necessary makings of instructors, medium of direction and a course of study constituent related to National Heritage and kid ‘s faith issued by the Central Ministry of Education.All Private and International Schools should be capable to supervising by the Ministry of Education and Provincial Ministries of Education.All Private and International Schools should run as non-profit organisations and all net incomes obtained should be ploughed back to the development of th e school.All schools should follow a procedure of inclusive instruction for kids with particular instruction demands. However ‘Special Schools ‘ may go on for badly disabled kids who require particular intervention.Section 25 of the Assisted Schools and Training Colleges Act No. 8 of 1961 should be amended to let the enrollment of private and international schools.School Calendar and School HoursThe school calendar for the twelvemonth is determined by the MOE and is unvarying for all schools. This is necessary because of the national vacations and the demand to co-occur school vacations with the scrutinies calendar. Suggestions have made that schools should hold holidaies taking into consideration the agriculture forms of the country as older school kids take portion in agricultural activities of the family. The provincial governments may be given the discretion to amend the school calendar to accommodate local demands without upseting the school vacations and public scr utinies. The figure of school yearss at present is about 200 a twelvemonth. School hours are 5 hours for the primary and 6 hours for the secondary. In the past secondary schools had two Sessionss forenoon and afternoon with a tiffin interruption. This is desirable as pupils can take portion in extra-curricular activities without taking clip from academic Sessionss. However due to jobs in conveyance, supplying a mid twenty-four hours repast and long distance that kids have to go dual Sessionss are non executable.ProposalsThe minimal figure of school yearss must be 200 yearss a twelvemonth. The states should be given the discretion to make up one's mind on school footings taking into consideration the local demands.Classroom instruction clip per twenty-four hours should be 5 hours for the primary and 6 hours for the secondary.Admission of Children to SchoolAdmission of kids to schools is an issue that has been the topic of argument at national degree. The job is that a certain class of parents resort to all sorts of artifices to acquire their kids admitted to the so called esteemed schools. Harmonizing to the current strategy of admittances propinquity of the abode of the parents play a major portion in the choice procedure and parents resort to deceitful patterns to turn out their abode. Children are trained to express prevarications and references near to these schools fetch really high monetary values in the belongings minutess some of which are fake minutess. Even after such intense competition the bulk of the parents fail to acquire their kids admitted to the school of their pick. As a consequence of influence mongering the figure of kids in the categories has increased to unwieldy Numberss even traveling beyond 50 in certain cases. It is impossible to implement activity based, kid centred course of study in such big categories. It is non desirable to follow any assessment standards at this degree for choice of pupils. In higher categories merit as found through an a ssessment procedure can be used for choice of pupils. Committees appointed to look in to this job have come out with assorted recommendations. Some of these are making off with primary subdivisions of esteemed schools or utilizing random choice procedures. However, the really influential yesteryear student anterooms have vitiated all these moves.ProposalsAdmission of Children to SchoolAdmission to Rate 1Childs who complete 5 old ages of age by 31st January of the twelvemonth of admittance should be admitted to Rate 1.Admission to Rate 1 should be chiefly on the footing of propinquity to the school from the abode of the parents.The maximal figure of students admitted to a category on the above footing should be 35.Children should non be subjected to any kind of proving or rating for the intent of admittance to Rate 1.

Guns Of Technological Advances On Everyday Items - 1753 Words

In this day in age, dozens of technological advances on everyday items have made our life seem much easier, ranging from the increased sophistication and complexity of our cellphones and even our automobiles. Without a doubt, such innovations cause our days seem tranquil, safe, and trouble-free. However, as time progressed, harmful and dangerous items, as well, have become more efficient in accomplishing their predetermined function. One such item is a firearm. Centuries ago, in the times of political revolutions, colonization, and imperialism, guns were used to exert power over a weaker group. Unlike like today, guns of that time were rudimentary compared to modern guns. Past guns could only shoot one bullet at a time, and then the shooter was forced to reload. Fast forward to 2014, people have access to armaments that can fire hundreds of rounds in mere seconds. Such advancements on the fire rate and overall efficiency of these weapons have become a problem throughout nations aroun d the globe. In the United States, in particular, guns are misused. Gangs shooting at rival gangs that result in the death of civilians, random mass shootings in movie theaters and schools, or even sociopaths who use a gun to kill their defenseless loved ones are several examples. These forms of gun violence, and many other forms, must be put to an end. Some may argue that to end gun violence, the Second Amendment of the Bill of Rights from the U.S constitution ought to be repealed. Perhaps atShow MoreRelatedUpcomng Advances in 3D Printing1205 Words   |  5 Pagesimproves and the want for them increases making the ability to create anything domestically more practical , this would allow for an influx of material that would be hard to control or monitor, this can include guns, weapons and equipment for drugs manufacture along with the mundane domestic items like faucets, plugs or pots. Such a possibility would involve the morals of the manufacturer and the ethics of the wider colle ctive that have an input on the advancements, though there are other limitationsRead MoreTechnology And The Ancient Civilization2113 Words   |  9 Pages Before there were tanks, machine guns, windmills, and solar panels, the first civilizations emerged that helped create the history of humanity which provided the larger context for Western Civilization. Uses of weaponry and technology were used very differently in the ancient civilizations than they are today. Relating back to the times of the Ancient Mesopotamian Civilization, technology kept advancing throughout the Ancient Egyptian Civilization into the Ancient Greek Civilization, and then finallyRead MoreEssay about The Destructive Nature of Technology2066 Words   |  9 PagesHowever, these so-called technological advances have also placed many hindrances on our daily life. Probably the most immediately important of these technological mishaps was the invention of the computer. Computer programmers and engineers have found that computers can be used to run everyday appliances, design advanced and complicated architectural structures, and calculate enormous amounts of data all with amazing speed. Noting the key word speed, people decided that items such as computers mustRead MoreThe Technology Of 3d Printing2824 Words   |  12 Pagesscrutiny in the engineering and technological world with major implications on public safety and loopholes in federal regulations. The emerging technology of 3D printing has been under development for many years now and the potential is highly underestimated. The latent violence that 3D printed weapons - or more specifically - guns could impose on society is frankly frightening. The controversy is generated from two different sides: one side takes the stance that these guns will be used as undetectableRead MoreTechnology Es say11684 Words   |  47 Pagesdoing laundry, etc. You and I belong in the kitchen and doing laundry. :-)   Daily live is benefited by advances of technology, and it is also true that professional fields are enhanced by it. A professional field that is enhanced by technology is medicine. Thanks to advances in technology, many diseases that before  were the cause of massive death, now  are things of the past. With the advances in technology,  scientists  and doctors find different vaccines to help people be healthier. The medical Read MoreInnovation Team Project : Innovation For Unmet Needs Within Our Company, Digital Monitoring Product Inc.10572 Words   |  43 Pagesinclude: Portable Cell Tower, Vision Door, Furniture Speakers, Gun Security, The Weapon Finder, Finger Touch Security, and the EMT bracelet. Team 26’s key focus was to innovate and create a unique product that would fulfill an unmet security need, and/ or technology that will better serve home and business owners. Team 26 came to the conclusion that the most vital requirements for our new products must in corporate flawless technological standards, essential customer needs, and product uniqueness.Read MoreEssay on Aviation Security3679 Words   |  15 Pagescontinually placing newer and improved security systems, particularly in the aviation industry. Jones (2002) describes technology as a pillar of counter-terrorism, and suggests that significant attacks expand the array of technology initiatives required. Advances in technology include airport baggage screening, postal monitoring, biometric identification, radio and television broadcasting, and personal security.The scope of this discussion will focus on the influence of electronic screening, biometrics andRead MoreThe Unfortunate World War II2845 Words   |  12 PagesEven though Luftwaffe or Germany’s air force, bombed Britain’s airfields and airplane factories as well as one of its biggest and most important cities, London, The British still stood strong, ready to fight back. Great Britain, with such technological advances such as a radar and Engima, was able to hit back the Germans hard. During this continuous battle over Britain, known as The Battle of Britain, many citizens were in great danger due to non-stop bombings, therefore subways and basements became Read MoreSecurity Forces51988 Words   |  208 Pagestraditional resource protection, or as complex as hydraulic barriers used at ECPs. Also, delay can be either active or passive. Defend Measures to defend against threats must be holistic. While this toolkit provides many physical security and equipment items to aid the ID force, effective planning is the cornerstone of defense. Defensive plans must consider all of the fundamentals of defense, including: aggressive defense, all-around defense, defense-in-depth, ID, and defense organized around key terrainRead MoreWoolworths Ltd Doing the Right Thing11796 Words   |  48 PagesBecause at Woolworths sustainability means doing the right thing – by our customers, employees, shareholders, the community and the environment. It’s about looking forward. In recent years, environmental sustainability has risen to become an everyday concern. The impact of the current drought and extreme weather events such as Cyclone Larry on Australian fresh produce supplies has brought into focus the effects that climate change will have on our business. Paying attention to sustainability